desalination, Polymers, Biofuels, Nanoparticles, Electrical conductivity, Composite materials, Additives, Conductivity, Fouling, Electron microscopy, Spectroscopy, Membranes, Chlorides, Sodium Chloride, Biodiesel, Chloride, Cation exchanging, Anion exchanging, Potentiometric analysis, Electrical resistivity, Ion exchangers, Ion exchange, Zirconium, Ion excha...